Design of soil and water conservation structures for. The next pages will give you a short overview of the three types of soil and water conservation measures. Biological soil conservation methods linkedin slideshare. Climate and the need to retain or discharge the runoff. Studies show that the implementation of soil conservation measures depends on a multitude of factors but it is also clear that rapid change in. Assessing the national resources inventory, volume 1. Certain conservation measures can reduce soil erosion.
Effect of the annual crop type on soil losses by erosion. Mulch cover and soil loss from two simulated rainfalls 15 3. Introduction to soil conservation measures infonet. Soil erosion has been continuing over, such a large part of india. Broadly categorizing there are two methods of soil conservation. Top 8 agronomic measures for soil and water conservation.
Training course on methods of soil management and conservation. Erosion processes and soil conservation technology 4. Regional values for policy assessment tb1922 economic research service usda are not available. Effects of soil conservation measures on soil erosion in. Soil conservation is the prevention of loss of the top most layer of the soil from erosion or prevention of reduced fertility caused by over usage, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination. The stratford avon watershed in perth county and the big creek watershed in middlesex county, both located in. Preventing and managing erosion environment, land and water.
A series of such bund divide the area into strips and act as barrier to the flow of water. Soil and water conservation 265 life on this planet, as the so il is an essential resource to suppor t plants for producing food, and to provide shelter to insects and animals. Soil conservation measures design manual for queensland. More information about soil and water conservation measures are presented on the website of wocat world overview of conservation approaches and technologies. Some of the methods that must be adopted for conserving soil are as follows. This document was produced to address remas proposed policy action to strengthen the. Soil conservation includes all such measures which help in protecting the soil from erosion, contour terracing and bunding, construction of bunds across gullies, levelling of unoven land and raising grass and other vegetation on land are the small measures which are usually taken by farmers to protect soil from erosion. Ethiopia in focus article pdf available in journal of environmental science and technology 74. Soil conservation practices are tools the farmer can use to prevent. As a result, applications of the available data will provide lowerbound estimates of total soil conservation bene. Manual on integrated soil management and conservation. Average effect of the nature and orientation of crop residues on the erosion of a sandy loam soil by wind at a uniform velocity 15 4. An economic analysis of targeting soil conservation measures.
Slashandburn and other unsustainable methods of subsistence farming are practiced in some lesser developed areas. In order to do this proper land utilisation coupled with agricultural practices should be adopted. Causes of soil degradation and methods for soil conservation. There are always strong links between measures for soil conservation and measures for water conservation, and this applies equally in semiarid areas. Guidelines for soil quality assessment in conservation. This paper analyses the advantages and disadvantages of targeting soil conservation measures on the basis of offsite water quality goals. This publication summarises the lessons learnt from a faoiaea coordinated research project on the impact of soil conservation measures on erosion control and soil quality over a fiveyear period across a wide geographic area and range of environments.
The next pages will give you a short overview of the three types of soil and water conservation. Manual on integrated soil management and conservation practices. However, little is known about the application of swc measures on soil erosion over large areas. The important mechanical soil conservation measures are as follows. When crop rotations or changing tillage practices are not enough to control erosion on a field, a combination of measures might be necessary. A variety of factors influence a farmers decision to adopt soil conservation measures. It was published in 1966 by the department of primary industries, the government agency responsible for soil conservation at that time. Soil erosion, use of chemical pesticides and herbicides, unsustainable agricultural practices, excessive farming, water pollution and land pollution are some of the aspects upsetting the natural functions of the soil.
Soil conservation planning in cropping lands pdf, 442kb runoff control measures for erosion control in cropping land. Pdf effects of integrated soil and water conservation. Effects of integrated soil and water conservation measures on soil aggregate stability, soil organic matter and soil organic carbon stock of smallholder farm lands in the semiarid, northern ethiopia. A metric version with minor revisions was produced in 1978. The study was conducted to evaluate the effects swc measures on soil quality indicators in geshy subcatchment, gojeb river catchment, ethiopia. Soil conservation technical handbook ministry for the environment. Soil conservation is an important part of sustainable agriculture and food production, since it entails keeping soil from becoming a pollutant in the surface waters, and its ability to sieve and filter pollutants that would otherwise end up in drinking water. Soil conservation is the practice of protecting the soil against erosion or deterioration. Thus, biological measures are an effective method of soil and water conservation, especially since they are low in cost. Soil land management practices such as tillage and cropping practices, directly affect the overall soil erosion problem and solutions on a farm.
In the case of water erosion, mechanical soilconservation measures include a wide variety. What is soil conservation and what are various ways to. Mechanical or engineering soil conservation measures 4. Several types of biological soil and water conservation measures exist see figure. Effects of soil conservation measures on soil erosion in the. Impact of soil conservation measures on erosion control and soil. Soil conservation food and agriculture organization. Physical soil conservation measures physical soil conservation structures are permanent features made of earth, stones or masonry, designed to protect the soil from uncontrolled runoff and erosion. We developed a new framework for investigating the distribution of engineering measures by using highresolution remote sensing images at a large scale, and we assessed the. Soil conservation encyclopedia of life support systems. Many measures are directed primarily to one or the other, but most contain an element of both. Accelerated erosion due to misuse of resources of land, water and soil is today one. This paper investigates the performance of selected soil and water conservation measures in the highlands of ethiopia and eritrea, namely fanya juu, soil stone bund, grass strips and double ditches. The erosion control measures involve the construction of various structures for the.
Analysing adoption of soil conservation measures by farmers. Today these techniques of soil and water conservation are being prac ticed in many countries with much benefit to great numbers of people. Sand and clay fractions significantly varied with both soil conservation measures and slope gradient. The first publication to deal with the design of soil conservation measures in queensland was the queensland soil conservation handbook. Effect of soil and water conservation measures on land. This tool can be used as field guides or as checklists of elements for discussion during training and during implementation of soil and conservation measures.
Though soil and water conservation swc technologies have been adopted in geshy subcatchment, their effects on soil quality were limitedly studied. Empirical soil erosion estimation methods have resulted. Soil conservation an overview sciencedirect topics. Soil conservation stores more of the runoff from excess rainfall in the reservoir of the soil for subsequent crop use. Impact of soil conservation measures on erosion control and. Mechanical or engineering soilconservation measures 4. Manual on integrated soil management and conservation practices ix page 19.
Soil quality assessment soil quality assessment in conservation planning united states department of agriculture natural resources conservation service soil quality institute january 2001 the u. There is an incentive to adopt soil conservation if the discounted gain from the marginal increment of crop production is greater than the opportunity cost of forgone income moser and barret, 2006. Impact of physical soil and water conservation structure on. Soil conservation measures agriculture planning and. The adaptation of technignes of soil conservation to the physical, economic and social conditions of particular.
Practical tools on soil and water conservation measures. Fanya juu terraces in a semiarid area which have developed over time. Using satellite imagery to assess impacts of soil and water. Vegetative or biological soil conservation measures 4. Lathiscumar, a11427, department of geography, university of peradeniya. Effect of soil and water conservation measures and challenges for its adoption. Introduction to soil conservation measures infonet biovision home. Effects of soil and water conservation measures on soil. Contour bunding consists of building earthen embankment at intervals across the slope and along the contour line of the field. Pdf effect of soil and water conservation measures and. Dec 19, 2016 biological measures with soil conservation. Erosion processes and soilconservation technology 4. Additionally, these can be used with structural and agronomic measures.
Reduction of surface runoff by structures or by changes in land management help in reducing erosion. Evaluation of the effect of increasing the quantity of maize residues in the soil cover on the runoff flow, the runoff velocity and the total soil losses 88 20. Biological soil and water conservation measures learning. Soil conservation contour plowing soil conservation and sustainable agriculture 5. Soil conservation includes all those measures which help in protecting the soil from erosion and exhaustion. Soil conservation measures should aim at preventing or at least minimising the soils loss. Department of agriculture usda prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of. Soil and water conservation swc measures are among the most important ways to control soil erosion in mountainous areas. Soil conservation and management in developing countries. The erosion preventative measures mainly comprise the agronomic soil and water conservation practices that improve land productivity without construction of structures see training manual 4 in these series. Physical soil conservation measures physical soil conservation structures are permanent features made of earth, stones or masonry, designed to protect the soil from uncontrolled runoff and erosion and retain water where needed.
Some cobenefits are identified, but this document is primarily focused on. Soil and water conservation measures and challenges in kenya. Controlled traffic farmingsoil conservation considerations for extensive cropping. Soil erosion is a natural phenomenon by which soil is removed from rocks.
576 1134 1510 653 621 711 1415 264 1202 87 1144 596 1480 479 1178 1078 668 1292 1319 674 1008 1500 222 716 1302 1244 1116 822 783 489 1184 1227 123 1316 260 539 835